Anatomy and Physiology 2 Final

Which component of blood plasma plays a role in blood clotting and the regulation of fluid volume?

Platelets
Proteins
Red Blood Cells
Electrolytes

What is the normal life span of a red blood cell?

12 days
12 weeks
120 days
12 months

During hemoglobin recycling, heme is initially broken down into

amino acids.
erythropoietin.
iron and bilirubin.
bile.

Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors?

Vitamin C
Vitamin K
Vitamin E
Vitamin D

Match each heart structure to its function or characteristic.

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Broadest part of the heart
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Pumps blood to the lungs
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
The point of maximum impulse (PMI)

base
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
left atrium
apex

Match each heart valve with its location.

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Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Located between the left ventricle and the aorta
Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
mitral valve

Match each heart structure to its location or function.

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A fibrous connective tissue that encircles each valve
A double-walled sac that surrounds the heart
A space that contains serous fluid to prevent friction as the heart beats
A thin layer of squamous epithelial cells that lines the chambers of the heart, covers the valves, and continues into the vessels
Cardiac muscle that performs the work of the heart
A thin layer of squamous epithelial cells that covers the surface of the heart

skeleton of the heart
pericardium
pericardial cavity
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

What is the correct progression of the cardiac impulse?

Atrioventricular (AV) node, sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His
SA node, bundle of His, AV node, Purkinje fibers
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
AV node, Purkinje fibers, SA node, bundle of His

What term refers to the heart’s ability to initiate its own electrical impulse?

Rhythmicity
Automaticity
Arrhythmia
Ectopy

What is the correct progression of blood through the heart and lungs?

Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle
Right atrium, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle
Lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Left atrium, lungs, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
Left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium

Based on your memory of the heart’s electrical system, what will happen if a patient’s primary pacemaker fails?

The patient will go into cardiac arrest.
The atria will stop contracting, but the ventricles will continue to contract.
Another area of the electrical system will initiate a heartbeat.
Ventricular fibrillation will occur.

Based on your understanding of how the heart works, which of the heart’s chambers would you expect to have the thickest (strongest) walls?

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

Which of the following factors determines cardiac output?

Blood pressure and contractility
Heart rate and stroke volume
Contractility and stroke volume
Heart rate and blood pressure

Stimulation of the vagus nerve will have what effect on the heart?

Increase heart rate
Decrease heart rate
Increase contractility
Decrease contractility

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation?

To bring deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for gas exchange
To bring deoxygenated blood to the heart for circulation to the lungs
To meet the metabolic needs of the pulmonary tissue
To meet both the metabolic needs of the pulmonary tissue and bring blood to the alveoli

What effect does reducing peripheral resistance have?

It decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure.
It increases cardiac output.
It increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure.
It decreases cardiac output and increases blood pressure.

What is peripheral resistance?

Any property of the peripheral vascular system or blood that increases friction.
Forces outside the vascular system that interfere with circulation, such as edema, excess weight, constrictive clothing, or conditions that impair leg mobility.
Areas of the peripheral vascular system damaged because of age-related conditions such as stiffening of the arteries or plaque buildup that causes friction and hinders the blood flow.
Peripheral vasoconstriction caused by abnormal release of hormones such as angiotensin I and II, epinephrine, rennin, aldosterone, and others.

Which three factors determine blood pressure?

Vessel diameter, blood viscosity, cardiac output
Resistance, blood volume, cardiac output
Heart rate, stroke volume, blood volume
Vessel diameter, cardiac output, heart rate

Besides immunity, what other function does the lymphatic system serve?

Fluid balance
Electrolyte balance
Regulation of body temperature
Prevents cancer cells from spreading

T lymphocytes are “trained” to recognize foreign cells in the

red bone marrow.
spleen.
bloodstream.
thymus.

What is a primary function of lymph nodes?

Remove pathogens from the blood
Remove pathogens from lymph
Separate lymphatic fluid from plasma
Destroy old red blood cells

Where is the spleen located?

The upper left quadrant of the abdomen
The upper right quadrant of the abdomen
Behind the stomach
The right lower quadrant of the abdomen

After the spleen destroys old red blood cells, it

releases leftover hemoglobin into the circulatory system.
creates bilirubin, which it secretes into the intestines.
returns leftover iron and globin to the liver and bone marrow.
stores leftover iron for later use.

The skin and mucous membranes are part of the body’s

first line of defense.
second line of defense.
third line of defense.
specific immunity.

Which statement correctly describes the effect of inflammation upon healing?

Swelling that accompanies inflammation delays healing because it compresses blood vessels, impairing the ability of neutrophils to enter the area.
Heat that accompanies inflammation delays healing because the increased temperature slows the rate of tissue repair.
Redness, or hyperemia, resulting from inflammation brings materials necessary for healing and, therefore, can be a beneficial part of the healing process.
Swelling that accompanies inflammation is a sign of increased venous drainage and, therefore, is a positive sign of healing.

What is a calorie?

The amount of energy the body needs at rest
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
The concentration of carbohydrates in a particular food
The amount of fat in a particular food

Which statement about basal metabolic rate is accurate?

Males and females of the same age and weight tend to have metabolic rates that are similar.
Anxiety does not affect basal metabolic rate.
Elderly people have lower metabolic rates than younger people.
People with a large amount of muscle tend to have lower metabolic rates compared with those with a greater percentage of fat

Which statement about the digestion of protein is most accurate?

During digestion, proteins are broken down into individual amino acids. Once absorbed, the body recombines the amino acids to create a new protein for a specific purpose. The body cannot store amino acids.
During digestion, proteins are broken down into individual amino acids. The amino acids are then stored in adipose tissue. As needed, adipose tissue releases the necessary proteins, which are then recombined to create a new protein.
During digestion, the structure of each individual protein remains intact, allowing it to be used immediately for a specific purpose.
During digestion, proteins are broken down into individual amino acids. Some of these amino acids are recombined to form new proteins. Those not used immediately are stored in the liver.

Nonessential amino acids

are not necessary for human survival.
can be synthesized by the human body.
must be obtained through food.
are not essential for the creation of proteins

A friend has decided to follow a vegan diet, giving up meat, fish, eggs, and dairy. What will be your friend’s greatest dietary challenge?

Eating a variety of foods to ensure consumption of all the essential amino acids over the course of a day
Combining foods in such a way so as to obtain all the essential amino acids at every meal
Obtaining enough dietary fat
Obtaining enough calories to support necessary bodily functions

Match each enzyme with its function or description.

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Stomach enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptide bonds between certain amino acids
Secreted by the pancreas for the digestion of fat
Brush border enzymes that break any remaining protein chains into individual amino acids
Secreted in the mouth to begin the digestion of carbohydrates
Pancreatic enzymes that work in the duodenum to break apart peptide bonds
Enzyme secreted by brush border of small intestine that digests milk sugar

pepsin
lipase
peptidases
amylase
trypsin and chymotrypsin
lactase

What is considered to be the first step in the digestion process?

Chewing
Churning in the stomach
Contractions in the small intestine
Secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas

The bulk of the tooth consists of

enamel.
pulp.
dentin.
cementum.

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

Between the esophagus and cardia
Between the cardia and fundus
Between the body and pylorus
Between the pylorus and duodenum

Most of the process of digestion and the absorption of nutrients take place in the

stomach.
small intestine.
large intestine.
mouth.

Which of the following is a function of the gallbladder?

Production of bile
Storage and concentration of bile
Formation of bile salts
Digestion of fat

Match each structure of the male reproductive system to its description or function.

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Where sperm mature and ultimately are stored
Contained in the walls of the seminiferous tubules
Network of vessels that leads away from the seminiferous tubules
Structure that travels from the epididymis, through the spermatic cord, into the pelvic cavity, and over the ureter to the prostate
Strand of connective tissue extending from the abdomen to each testicle
Conduct immature sperm away from the testis to the epididymis
Structure that secretes fluid containing fructose into ejaculatory duct
Structures in which sperm are produced
A pair of tubules that pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra

epididymis
Sertoli cells
rete testis
vas deferens
spermatic cord
efferent ductules
seminal vesicle
seminiferous tubules
ejaculatory duct

Which of the following correctly outlines the path taken by sperm?

Sertoli cells, efferent ductules, rete testis, vas deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
Epididymis, seminiferous tubules, efferent ductules, vas deferens, rete testis, ejaculatory duct
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymis, efferent ductules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct

How long can mature sperm remain fertile before they are ejaculated?

28 days
20 to 30 days
40 to 60 days
Indefinitely

What are the female’s primary reproductive organs?

Uterus and vagina
Breasts
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes

The ovary

contains thousands of mature eggs
contains thousands of immature eggs.
produces several eggs each month, one of which matures.
creates one egg each month.

Where is the usual site of fertilization?

Vagina
Uterus
Infundibulum
Ampulla

An embryo attaches to which layer of the uterus?

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Stratum basalis

Which two qualities of semen aid fertilization?

Its stickiness and alkalinity
Its silkiness and acidity
Its volume and glucose content
Its hormone content and volume

At the onset of male puberty, which hormones promote the enlargement of the testes?

Testosterone and progesterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and testosterone
Testosterone only

Anatomy and Physiology 2 Final

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